甚麼是血液透析患者最常見的死亡原因,答案當然是心血管疾病,但是最恐怖的是:心臟病猝死(Sudden cardiac death),這種情況往往令人措手不及,據統計,心臟病猝死的情況,占了全部心臟病死因的67%,意思就是說:當血液透析患者心臟病發作時,往往回天乏術,即使很快急救都很難從死神手中搶回命來。
最有名而且遺憾的例子
就是前職棒總教練徐生明,這篇康健雜誌的專訪北榮楊五常主任時提到:“徐生明(總教練)可能是因為心律不整引發的心因性休克……”徐總教練雖然已經換了腎,但是他仍然是一個曾經腎臟很不好的患者,所以他和一般人心臟病的情形不同,一般人可能去了醫院,搶救一番還很有機會,但是腎臟病患往往很難救回來。
為什麼會這樣子?
因為腎臟病的關係,腎友體內的電解質變化很大,所以除了心臟結構上的問題之外,心律不整是一個很常見的問題,因此,腎臟醫學界一直在研究,除了及早治療患者的心臟病之外,要如何避免患者的心律不整發作。
一個禮拜七天裡面,甚麼時間點最危險?
想也知道就是週末啦,要隔兩天才洗腎的最後一天啊,研究說,在每周的第一次洗腎前的12個小時,心臟病猝死的機會增加為三倍,而每周的第一次洗腎後的12個小時,心臟病猝死機會增加為1.7倍,腎友們都知道,隔兩天才洗腎的那一次,體重增加特別多,洗完很容易不舒服,是的!這次的脫水速度往往最快(可參照舊文)!還有呢?每個月例行的檢查,只要遇到隔兩天的那一次,鉀離子都會比平常更高,這表示這一次透析當中,電解質(尤其是鉀離子)的變化會更大!
之前的舊文討論過,如果鈣離子於透析中變化幅度太大,容易引起心律不整,鉀離子也是如此(以下用[鉀]代替)。如果透析前的[鉀]在 5 mEq/L (4.6-5.3 mEq/L)左右,則心臟病猝死的機會最低,若[鉀]更高或更低,則猝死機會都增加,如下圖(橫軸是析前的數據)。
為什麼[鉀]在偏低的正常範圍內,心臟病猝死的機會也會升高呢?那是因為當透析前的[鉀]不高,碰到透析液鉀離子濃度比血中更低(<3 mEq/L)時,透析後的[鉀]就可能會比正常範圍更低了,導致透析後的低血鉀,因此增加了心律不整的機會。
腎友的心律不整
和一般人不大一樣,透析前的高[鉀]常發生心跳停止(Asystole),透析後的低[鉀]常發生心室顫動(Ventricular Fibrillation),兩者都很棘手。透析前的高[鉀],主要靠飲食控制,透析後的低[鉀],主要靠透析液濃度的調整來避免。
下一篇,要來討論透析液鉀離子濃度了。
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